中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
连花清瘟有三种剂型 该如何选择?******
连花清瘟自2005年获批上市以来,由于其广谱抗病毒、抑菌抗炎、退热止咳化痰以及调节免疫、提高抗病康复力的特点,一直在临床上广泛用于感冒、流感等病毒性呼吸道感染性疾病的防治。基于连花清瘟的确切疗效,2020年4月连花清瘟被国家药品监督管理局批准用于“新型冠状病毒肺炎轻型、普通型”的治疗。
如今“连花清瘟”这个名字几乎家喻户晓,但当消费者去药店购买连花清瘟时,很多人却常常被一个问题问住——要什么剂型的?
很多人知道连花清瘟,也有不少人家中常备连花清瘟,但知道连花清瘟有三种剂型的人似乎不多。2020版《中国药典》收录了连花清瘟胶囊、连花清瘟颗粒和连花清瘟片,这也正是市面上在售的连花清瘟的三种剂型。这三种剂型有何差别?需要之际该如何选择最适合自己或家人的剂型?
组方功效相同,剂型各有优势
实际上,连花清瘟胶囊、颗粒剂、片剂都是常用于治疗呼吸道感染病的中成药,三种剂型组方、功效及主治都一样,且三者均为口服用药,即全部为经胃肠道给药剂型。
连花清瘟的主要成分是金银花、连翘、炙麻黄、炒苦杏仁、石膏、板蓝根、绵马贯众、鱼腥草、广藿香、大黄、红景天、薄荷脑、甘草,具有清瘟解毒、宣肺泄热的作用,适用于感冒、流感症见发热或高热、恶寒、肌肉酸痛、咽干咽痛、身体乏力、舌红苔黄或黄腻等症状者。
那么,目前市面在售的连花清瘟胶囊、颗粒剂、片剂,三者在制作工艺上有什么区别?
胶囊剂是将药物有效成分填装在空心硬质胶囊中或密封于弹性软质胶囊中而制成的固体制剂。胶囊剂型不仅可以掩盖药物不良气味,更是隔绝了药物与外界水分、空气、光线的接触,从而提高了药物稳定性。因有了胶囊来隔绝外界,可更方便地控制胶囊在胃肠道中分散、分解、溶出和吸收起效的时间,使药物剂型做到了延缓释放和定位释放的目的。
颗粒剂作为一种常用中药口服固体剂型,是指使用原料药和适宜的辅料混合制成的呈现为干燥颗粒状的制剂,在使用时加温开水溶解,搅拌均匀后温度适宜即可口服。颗粒剂的工艺延续了传统中药汤剂的特点,所谓“汤者,荡也”,对病邪有扫荡之势,可知其来势勇猛、见效快捷。中药颗粒剂在保持了汤剂吸收快、显效迅速等优点的同时,又克服了汤药服前需临时煎煮、耗时费力、久存易变质等不足。
片剂是将药物原料与辅料等进行粉碎,造粒,干燥,再用压片机制成片状,最后在外层形成一层膜衣;也有不需要造粒和干燥,直接压成片剂者。连花清瘟片剂属于薄膜衣片类,使用了一种高分子物料作为片剂的衣膜,该方法应用广泛。这样做的原因,一是使药物理化性质更加稳定,在遇到空气、光线和水分时不易分解、变质,以此来保证药物质量与药效;二是可以掩盖部分中药的苦味或刺激性气味;三是有些药物遇胃酸易被破坏,需包肠溶衣。片剂覆盖一层膜之后,加入固定的食用色素包上颜色衣,则便于识别,可以防止误服。
如何选择连花清瘟剂型
如果单纯以起效速度而言,颗粒剂具有吸收快、显效迅速的特点。此外,一些吞咽功能不好或服药依从性差的人群,如儿童、老年人以及有吞咽功能障碍的人群等,出于服药时的安全性考虑,建议选用颗粒剂。但是颗粒剂在使用前需要用温开水调匀冲服,如果达不到这个条件,则只能选择其他剂型。另外颗粒剂在保存上不如胶囊和片剂方便,当有出差或旅游出行需求时,建议选择胶囊剂或片剂,使用时更为方便。
在知悉上述剂型各自优势以及患者自身状况的情况下,连花清瘟三种剂型的选择也应结合患者的用药顺应性而定,“怎么舒服怎么来”,以用药后症状得以缓解且没有其余不适为度,没有绝对的标准,不必拘泥。
在服用连花清瘟期间,应忌吸烟、饮酒,避免进食烧烤、火锅、麻辣烫、巧克力等辛辣、滋腻的食物,也不要贪凉饮冷,以免损伤中焦脾胃之阳气。为避免邪气留于体内,不宜在服用连花清瘟的同时,再服用人参、鹿茸、枸杞等滋补类中药或中成药。
连花清瘟虽是家中常备治疗感冒、流感的成药,但有严重的肝病、糖尿病、肾病等慢性病患者或正在使用其他药品,使用前可以咨询医师或药师,避免药物联用出现问题。需要强调的是,在新冠肺炎疫情的特殊背景下,疫情防控人人有责,当出现发热等不适时,应及时去医院就诊或上报社区,在医师指导下对症用药。(李妍)